operational definition of sleep
eCollection 2020. Sleep quality is sometimes defined by subjective or objective sleep parameters related to the magnitude of wakefulness during the night, such as sleep onset latency, total wakefulness, sleep efficiency, number of awakenings, or arousals. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) in the United States alone. Objective: to present the knowledge produced about sleep and Acute Coronary Syndrome in order to assist in the elaboration of the operational and There can be considerable overlap between how sleep deprivation and insomnia are described, but patients should be aware that their doctor or a sleep specialist may use more specific definitions. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A clarification of the term is necessary to inform patients and healthcare providers, promote consistent theoretical and Results: Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted the ratio of total sleep time (TST) to time in bed (TIB), plays 8600 Rockville Pike National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information Campinas,, Figure 2. Author Contributions: Dr Ohayon had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. The proportion of individuals with impairment or distress associated with ES was the highest when confusional arousal occurred at least 5 days per week. Although reports of ES were common in our sample (27.8%), the prevalence dropped quickly throughout the decisional tree for diagnosis of the disorder. Emidio SCD, Dias FSB, Moorhead S, Deberg J, Oliveira-Kumakura ARS, Carmona EV. Contrary to what was previously believed,22 we found hypersomnia disorder to be relatively frequent in the general population, with a prevalence of 1.5% in our sample meeting this new definition. On the basis of a persons responses, the system formulates an initial diagnostic hypothesis that it attempts to confirm or reject by asking supplemental questions or by deductions. 2023. WebPoor sleep quality has significant adverse health outcomes. nearly all systems of the body Nature reviews. On the other hand, people with sleep deprivation dont have enough time allocated for sleep as a result of behavior choices or everyday obligations. Hypersomnia disorder should be distinguished from ES related to insufficient sleep and from fatigue (tiredness not necessarily relieved by increased sleep and unrelated to sleep quantity or quality). Rand health quarterly, 6(4), 11. Acute sleep deprivation raises the risk of unintentional errors and accidents. NINDS aims to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. Falling asleep easily and almost everywhere, period(s) of sudden and uncontrollable sleep, or feeling sleepy or drowsy during past month, Frequency (<1, 12, 34, 56 d/wk; daily), Frequency in a day (<1, 23, 45, >5 times/d), Last episode occurrence (past 24 h, past week, past month, past year, >1 y), Timing of occurrence (morning, after meals, afternoon, evening), Situation/environment occurrence: at work, during daily activities, at school, with friends or relatives, during conversation, in quiet situations (watching TV, reading, relaxing), as a car passenger, as a driver, in public transportation, Evolution of sleepiness since it first appeared (decreased, increased, no change), Effect of ES on social and occupational functioning (each of 10 questions answered on a graduated scale: not at all, mild, moderate, severe, very severe), Frequency in a week, in a day (same answer choices as for ES), Duration of naps (<15, 1530, 3045, 4560, >60 min), Mean total sleep duration in a 24-h period, taking into account napping, Whether napping affects ability to fall asleep easily at night, Duration of main sleep period in past year, Confusional arousal in past month (sleep drunkenness): frequency in a week and duration, Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations (frequency, moment of last episode, terrifying hallucinations, age at onset), Cataplexy and cataplexylike symptoms (body parts involved, frequency, moment of last episode, age at onset, whether witnessed by others, situations triggering an episode), Sleep paralysis at sleep onset (naps or main sleep episode) or on awakening (frequency, age at onset, moment of last episode), Sleep/wake schedule for past week and past year, Medical conditions and pharmacologic treatment (name, indication, dose), Falling asleep easily almost everywhere, times/wk, Periods of sudden and uncontrollable sleep, times/wk, Feeling moderately to severely sleepy during the day, times/wk, Confusional arousal (ie, sleep drunkenness), times/wk, I. On a scale of 1-10, how disruptive is your sleep quality to your To our knowledge, this is the first study on the prevalence rates of ES symptoms, specifically of hypersomnia disorder. Almost everyone has encountered a zombie-like feeling after a night of minimal or no sleep. The total sample comprised 51.3% women. Sleep: The body's rest cycle. For this reason, it is important to refuse to accept a lack of sleep as normal and instead focus on sleeping more and getting higher quality rest. One limitation of this study is that the results are based on subjective reports. ES indicates excessive sleepiness. D'Ea A Jnior, Dos Santos Rodrigues L, de Menezes HF, Noleto Dos Santos W, Lopes CT, da Silva RAR. doi: 10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0684. Dr. Dimitriu is the founder of Menlo Park Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine. eCollection 2021. de Souza Carneiro C, Takao Lopes C, de Lima Lopes J, Batista Santos V, Bachion MM, de Barros AL. Accessed 2 Mar. In reality, though, being well-rested is about more than just how many hours you sleep. We regularly assess how the content in this article aligns with current scientific literature and expert recommendations in order to provide the most up-to-date research. built. Your daily habits and environment can significantly impact the quality of your sleep. 2020 Apr 17;28:e3259. Learn more about our process here. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Human brain mapping, 35(1), 257269. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. Drowsy driving. in which a person dozes off for a matter of seconds. More observably, the eyes close and the brain enters into a state of unconsciousness, either completely or partially. This possibility should be evaluated in the general population to test its validity and usefulness for clinical and public health purposes. Children and teens need even more nightly sleep than adults. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. In this way, sleep deficiency has a broader application. Among psychiatric disorders, individuals with dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder were at higher risk of having a positive diagnosis of hypersomnia disorder. Middle English slepe, from Old English slp; akin to Old High German slf sleep and perhaps to Latin labi to slip, slide, before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1, before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at intransitive sense 1. Despite being used commonly in sleep medicine, the term sleep quality has not been rigorously defined. The purpose of this article is to consider objective measures of the subjective sleep quality experience. A nonrestorative prolonged sleep episode accompanied by ES symptoms was observed in 0.7% of the sample (95% CI, 0.6%0.8%), whereas ES accompanied by confusional arousals was found in 4.4% of the sample. Another observation contributed by this study concerns the duration criterion: 3 months of ES is more clinically relevant than 1 month. An added-digit technique, that is, increasing the last digit of a number by 1, was used to control for unlisted telephone numbers. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. The number of episodes per day, association with sleep duration, and duration of ES have never been documented. Our data also indicate that ES was frequently reported when nocturnal sleep duration fell below the normal length of 7 hours,15 suggesting the presence of another type of sleep disorder, such as insomnia or insufficient sleep. A total of 15 929 individuals representative of the adult general population of 15 states in the United States. Trusted Source More precisely, 13.2% (95% CI, 12.7%13.7%) of the sample reported ES accompanied by recurrent periods of an irrepressible need to sleep within the same day; 1.9% (95% CI, 1.7%2.1%) had recurrent naps (defined as 2 episodes per day). Presentation of articles selected according to title, journal of publication, country of, Figure 3. lower quality of life Interestingly, the ICSD-2 also uses 3 months as a diagnostic criterion. Presentation of articles according, Figure 3. Only 2 general population studies7,8 have provided a prevalence of 0.3% for hypersomnia disorders based on ICSD-979 criteria (similar to those of DSM-IV-TR). depression, in psychology, a mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life. Both were higher in individuals who had not completed high school compared with those with college graduate and postgraduate educational levels. The number of questions used to identify ES is critical because it has many associated symptoms (eg, involuntary naps, drowsiness in inappropriate or unsafe situations, and unrefreshing prolonged main sleep episodes). Anderson KN, Pilsworth S, Sharples LD, Smith IE, Shneerson JM. Funding/Support: This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grant R01NS044199 and by a grant from and developed in theory with Cephalon, Inc. Role of the Sponsor: The supporting entity had no role in the design and conduct of the study (collection, management, and analysis) or in the interpretation of the data. Lack of sleep directly affects how we think and feel. Help Us Connect You To A Better Nights Sleep. Individuals with this disorder have no difficulty falling asleep and have a sleep efficiency generally higher than 90%. At the end of the search, 2827 studies were found, 43 were selected for reading, and 10 were included in the review. Many people get insufficient sleep because they accept sleep deprivation as normal. View Source A member of our medical expert team provides a final review of the content and sources cited for every guide, article, and product review concerning medical- and health-related topics. These internal links are intended to improve ease of navigation across the site, and are never used as original sources for scientific data or information. In some cases, additional testing with sleep tracking technology, known as actigraphy, or with an overnight sleep study may be conducted if further information is needed or if a doctor suspects that the patient may have an underlying sleep disorder. Excessive sleepiness was accompanied by the presence of naps in 28% of cases (7.8% of the sample). Advertisement Advertisement Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., Hazen, N., Herman, J., Katz, E. S., Kheirandish-Gozal, L., Neubauer, D. N., ODonnell, A. E., Ohayon, M., Peever, J., Rawding, R., Sachdeva, R. C., Setters, B., Vitiello, M. V., Ware, J. C., & Adams Hillard, P. J. Sleep: A health imperative. The use of at least 2 episodes of sleepiness within the same day allowed identification of individuals for whom the problem was recurrent not only within the week but also within the same day and who were more likely to experience impairment/distress. Hafner, M., Stepanek, M., Taylor, J., Troxel, W. M., & van Stolk, C. (2017). Frequency per week of periods of sudden and uncontrollable sleep. Frequency per week of nonrestorative sleep, V. Frequency per week of confusional arousal, VIII. This method allowed for selection of a respondent on the basis of age and sex to maintain a sample representative of these 2 factors. As many as 15.6% of the sample reported ES accompanied by at least 1 of these symptoms. National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The overall participation rate was 83.2%. The following sections outline some key sleep hygiene improvements for people who get insufficient sleep. The best predictor was the number of ES episodes within the same day followed by frequency per week of moderate to severe sleepiness (Table 3). 137172)., Retrieved from. Trusted Source and transmitted securely. The predominant criterion (A) is a report of ES with at least 1 of the following symptoms: (1) recurrent periods of an irrepressible need to sleep within the same day, (2) recurrent naps within the same day, (3) a prolonged (>9 hours) main sleep episode each day that is nonrestorative (unrefreshing), and (4) unusual difficulty being fully awake accompanied by the feeling of being disoriented or confused. The final sample included 21.4% unlisted telephone numbers. The full manifestation of hypersomnia disorder (ie, criterion D, after all other sleep disorders that could be responsible for ES were eliminated: differential diagnosis) was observed in 1.5% of the sample (95% CI, 1.3%1.7%). 1. operationally defined SE as the ratio of total sleep time to total sleep time plus wake after sleep onset 2. sleep, a normal, reversible, recurrent state of Interviewers explained the goals of the study to potential participants and requested verbal consent before conducting the interview. We report our analysis of a large epidemiologic data set collected from a representative sample of the US population. (2017, March 21). They may help get through the day, but the cumulative effects of sleep deficiency will still take a toll both in the short- and long-term. The International Classification of Sleep DisordersRevised: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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