what is magma solid rock with a fine texture

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A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock. D) highly viscous, cools quickly, Crystallization of magma occurs when ________. A) the rock's texture B. the upper mantle why is it helpful to measure the specific gravity of a mineral? 5. gabbro The gas bubbles become trapped in the solidifying lava to create a vesicular texture, with the holes specifically called vesicles. If vesicular, pummus geothermal gradient B) mineral composition These tiny crystals can be viewed under a petrographic microscope [1]. 1. The sequence in which minerals crystallize from a magma is known as the Bowen reaction series (Figure 3.3.1 and Figure 3.3.3). Lava cools to form volcanic rock as well as volcanic glass. They are typically more than 100 km2 in area, associated with subduction zones, and mostly felsic in composition. Weegy: 15 ? If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. . Andesite and diorite likewise refer to extrusive and intrusive intermediate rocks (with dacite and granodiorite applying to those rocks with composition between felsic and intermediate). K.C. C. assimilation This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. The crystals that settle might either form an olivine-rich layer near the bottom of the magma chamber, or they might remelt because the lower part is likely to be hotter than the upper part (remember, from Chapter 1, that temperatures increase steadily with depth in Earth because of the geothermal gradient). On the figure above, the top row has both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks arranged in a continuous spectrum from felsic on the left to intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic toward the right. A __________ texture would be most UNLIKELY to occur in an extrusive igneous rock. E. pumice, On a global basis, most of the world's magma is generated in which part of the Earth? Mafic describes a kind of igneous rock or even magma that is relatively high in magnesium and iron content; hence the word 'mafic' which is a combination of the words magnesium and ferric . D) the magma cools causing ions to come closer together, the first ions being Si and O to form Si-O tetrahedra. A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. These differences in chemical composition are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, and viscosity. The processes by which a diapir intrudes into the surrounding native or country rock are not well understood and are the subject of ongoing geological inquiry [3]. A) The magma had an excessively long time to cool, allowing crystals to grow very large. The minerals that make up igneous rocks crystallize at a range of different temperatures. The slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. This page titled 4.1: Classification of Igneous Rocks is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher (OpenGeology) . It is important to realize these groups do not have sharp boundaries in nature, but rather lie on a continuous spectrum with many transitional compositions and names that refer to specific quantities of minerals. The path of rising magma is called a diapir. Cooling history is also related to changes that can occur to the composition of igneous rocks. When it cools to solid rock, this intrusion is often called a pluton. It is the source of all igneous rock. D. quartz in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. B. basalt A pluton is an intrusion of magma that wells up from below the surface. C) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow. Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. If the fragments accumulate while still hot, the heat may deform the crystals and weld the mass together, forming a welded tuff. E. pyroxene, Which one of the following rock types is most likely to contain calcium-rich feldspar? Why? D) texture and mineral composition For igneous rock, the composition is divided into four groups: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. Normally, geothermal energy is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then harnessed to generate electricity. Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. B) granite; intrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively high silica magma Stage 2 A single magma may generate several mineralogically different igneous rocks. It is poor in silica, in the 40% or less range. T D) considered "volcanic" rocks because they form from lava extruded at the surface; considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface. 1. diorite and gabbro Regardless, when a diapir cools, it forms a mass of intrusive rock called a pluton. D. muscovite Obsidian is a rock consisting of volcanic glass. C. heat expansion of the chemical bonds causes them to break c. Volcanic glass and coarse-grained igneous rocks differ by which of the following? User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. Mysterious MagmaMagma is usually studied as lava or igneous rock. Extrusive igneous rocks are _________, whereas intrusive igneous rocks are _________. Each of these rocks are formed by physical changessuch as melting, cooling, eroding, compacting, or deforming that are part of the rock cycle. Glazner, A. F., Bartley, J. M., Coleman, D. S., Gray, W. & Taylor, R. Z. Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. The least-dense magma rises to the top. A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. Plutons can include dikes and xenoliths. What is magma? Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. As the temperature drops, and providing that there is sodium left in the magma, the plagioclase that forms is a more sodium-rich variety. b. Differences in temperature, pressure, and structural formations in the mantle and crust cause magma to form in different ways. Typical felsic rocks are granite and rhyolite (Figure 3.3.5). A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. A) highly viscous, cools slowly A) granite; gabbro. It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. What is magma? Magma Chamber In areas where temperature, pressure, and structural formation allow, magma can collect in magma chambers. Tapping into Magmas PotentialIn 2009, the Icelandic Deep Drilling Project created a well that uses magma to generate geothermal energy. B. diorite Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Added 2/10/2022 11:11:08 PM This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. They are typically more than 100 km2 in area, associated with subduction zones, and mostly felsic in composition. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. In 1912, Norman Levi Bowenhe joined the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C., where he carried out groundbreaking experimental research into the processes of cooling magmas. C) Pressure of the environment - higher P = slower magma cooling. As an example, granite is a commonly-used term but has a very specific definition which includes exact quantities of minerals like feldspar and quartz. 3. phaneritic D) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow any larger. C. cause rocks to melt at lower temperatures, magnified by an increase in pressure, important at convergent plate boundaries 1 minute Dikes are important to geologists, not only for the study of igneous rocks themselves but also for dating rock sequences and interpreting the geologic history of an area. A) the rock's texture Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. C. basalt Porphyritic texture indicates the magma body underwent a multi-stage cooling history, cooling slowly while deep under the surface and later rising to a shallower depth or the surface where it cooled more quickly. 6. andesite, Match the rock type with the appropriate description. Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. St. Helens volcano, Washington state Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. This process transfers heat and creates magma. At about the point where pyroxene begins to crystallize, plagioclase feldspar also begins to crystallize. The means that the overall composition of the magma near the top of the magma chamber will become more felsic, as it is losing some iron- and magnesium-rich components. The rock will have some relatively large crystals (phenocrysts) of the minerals that crystallized early, and the rest will be very fine grained or even glassy. = 2 1/4. This process is known as fractional crystallization. This hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the process of convection. Composition refers to a rocks chemical and mineral make-up. E. intermediate silica, intermediate iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture This heat makes magma a very fluid and dynamic substance, able to create new landforms and engage physical and chemical transformations in a variety of different environments. Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. Andesite is the name of a family of fine-grained, extrusive igneous rocks that are usually light to dark gray in color. The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. 2. porphyritic 2. Large eruptions can nearly empty the magma chamber. If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. Xenoliths are rock fragments broken from the magma chamber or conduit walls. A. chemical bonds melt As with dikes, sills are younger than the surrounding layers and may be radioactively dated to study the age of sedimentary strata. It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other. Geothermal drilling projects discovered two magma sites on the Big Island of Hawaii, and one on Iceland. D) Each vesicle is filled by air and water. Are plutons assembled over. Being that oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements in magma, geologists define magma types in terms of their silica content, expressed as SiO2. A) andesitic D) peridotite, Most magmas are dominantly molten rock (a liquid called "melt"). 7. obsidian, Which of the following is characteristic of pegmatites? 1. B) The rock has mineral grains that are glassy. Laccoliths bulge upwards; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called a lopolith. When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, ash, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere. Glazner, A. F., Bartley, J. M., Coleman, D. S., Gray, W. & Taylor, R. Z. Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. As a magma cools below 1300C, minerals start to crystallize within it. 2. granite and granodiorite _________ is the dominant feldspar in basalt. light colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky), What type of composition would result in a magma if equal amounts of basaltic and granitic magma were mixed? A. high levels are necessary for melting of rocks A. Kilauea volcano, Hawaii Learn how BCcampus supports open education and how you can access Pressbooks. On page 14 of The Call of the Wild, what's meant by the phrase "The _____ is defined as to lose or give up hope that things will 15. Figure 3.3.1, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, 3.3.8: Steven Earle. These rocks usually have a coarse texture (individual minerals are visible without magnification), because the magma cools slowly underground, allowing crystal growth. B) gabbro Obsidian as a glassy rock shows an excellent example of conchoidal fracture similar to the mineral quartz (see Chapter 3). A) solid + gas Residual molten material expelled from igneous intrusions may form veins or masses containing very large crystals of minerals like feldspar, quartz, beryl, tourmaline, and mica. For igneous rock, the composition is divided into four groups: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. C) intermediate - the intermediate range composition magma makes for strato volcanoes that are mostly passive erupting If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. A. a decrease in the confining pressure (decompression) It is commonly grey and porphyritic. This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. One theory is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. When porphyritic, it often has either olivine or plagioclase phenocrysts. D) gabbroic, granitic, The classification of igneous rocks is based on __________. C. a non-crystalline rock, likely formed due to extreme rapid cooling of lava B. National Geographic News: New Magma Layer Found Deep in Earth's Mantle? D) komatiite When magma intrudes into a weakness like a crack or a fissure and solidifies, the resulting cross-cutting feature is called a dike (sometimes spelled dyke). B) The magma was rich in volatiles (like water) which aided in fast crystallization of large, but few numbers of crystals. Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. K.C. The environment in which an igneous rock solidified (extrusive, intrusive or otherwise) can be inferred best by which of the following? 2. gabbro What are the other two, smaller percentage components of most magmas? A magma consists mostly of liquid rock matter, but may contain crystals of various minerals, and may contain a gas phase that may be dissolved in the liquid or may be present as a separate gas phase. 20/3 The purpose of writing a rsum is to get a job. E) Both a. and c. C. potassium feldspar This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. 2. rhyolite B) amount of space available for crystals to fill B) Andesite Melted rock originates within Earth as magma . d. Haydn's opus 33 string quartets were first performed for This continues down the chain, as long as there is still silica left in the liquid. It can be found in the Andes Mountains and in some island arcs (see. Granite is a course-crystalline felsic intrusive rock. Plutons can have irregular shapes, but can often be somewhat round. D) gabbroic, What composition magma is beneath the Mt. The Weegy: A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. Please select the best answer from the choices provided Igneous rocks are common in the geologic record, but surprisingly, it is the intrusive rocks that are more common. Condie) 11, 1144 (Elsevier, 1994). For the rock to be called porphyritic there has to be a significant difference in crystal size, where the larger crystals are at least 10 times larger than the average size of the smaller crystals. As cooling continues, the various reactions on the discontinuous branch will proceed because silica is abundant, the plagioclase will become increasingly sodium-rich, and eventually potassium feldspar and quartz will form. D) chemical composition of the magma or lava. Felsic MagmaFelsic magma has the highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70%. It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other. 3. C) number of ions Diorite is a coarse-crystalline intermediate intrusive igneous rock. A. rhyolite Rocks that solidify from lava flows are typically finer grained than those that crystallize intrusively. This more gaseous and sticky lava tends to explode violently and cools as andesite rock. User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. C. granite The results were studied under the microscope and by chemical analysis. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of drug combination therapy. A) texture As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. B. volume is very large, comparable in size with granitic batholiths A) The glass is formed mostly when lava cools in a volcano whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. A rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is known as a pegmatite. D) Temperature of the environment - higher T = slower magma cooling. In the atmosphere, tephra is more often called volcanic ash. = 45/20 D. Heavier crystals float on the top of the magma in the magma chamber producing a layered igneous rock upon complete solidification. The layers of magma may be documented by the type of eruption material the volcano emits. A. phaneritic texture, relatively low silica content The dike is younger than the rocks it cuts across and, as discussed in the chapter on Geologic Time (Chapter 7), may be used to assign actual numeric ages to sedimentary sequences, which are notoriously difficult to age date. B. What is magma? Of the common silicate minerals, olivine normally crystallizes first, at between 1200 and 1300C. B. Olivine - pyroxene - amphibole - biotite Soon after that, all of the magma is used up and no further changes takes place. The Hawaiian Islands are a direct result of mafic magma eruptions. Igneous rocks form when melted rock cools. Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. Figure 4.1. A) The rock is crystalline, but mineral grains are of distinctly different sizes. A magmatic dike is simply a large slab of magmatic material that has intruded into another rock body. Chapter 6 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks, Chapter 21 Geological History of Western Canada, Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 2. Magma can intrude into a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as a sedimentary rock structure. For example, it is not known what happens to the pre-existing country rock as the diapir intrudes. 3. rhyolite Intermediate magma most commonly transforms into andesite due to the transfer of heat at convergent plate boundaries. Log in for more information. Peacock, M. A. How Magma Forms Earth is divided into three general layers. D. ocean ridge volcanoes Lava is molten rock flowing out of fissures or vents at volcanic centres (when cooled, they form rocks such as basalt, rhyolite, or obsidian). D) Peridotite, Which igneous rock or magma has the lowest silica (SiO2) content? Decompression melting also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot rock that rise from Earths high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust. Andesite is a fine crystalline intermediate extrusive rock. The method, in brief, was to melt the rock to a magma in a specially-made kiln, allow it to cool slowly to a specific temperature (allowing some minerals to form), and then quench it (cool it quickly) so that no new minerals form (only glass). Rhyolite refers to the volcanic and felsic igneous rocks and granite refer to intrusive and felsic igneous rocks. Mafic rocks/magmas are ________, whereas felsic rocks/magmas are ________. Slow cooling gives crystals enough time to grow to easily seen sizes (i.e., larger than 1 mm). One theory is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma. When many plutons merge together in an extensive single feature, it is called a batholith. Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. Lava that cools extremely quickly may not form crystals at all, even microscopic ones. C. assimilation of "foreign" rocks by the magma The pool of magma in a magma chamber is layered. A. both quartz and muscovite C. Thin sections are thin slices of rocks that block light from passing through them so that rocks may be studied using a magnifying lens. G. both olivine and pyroxene, Which two minerals are characteristic of lower crystallization temperatures, and are absent in basalt and gabbro? . solid rock with a fine texture cooled rock with large crystals molten rock below Earth's surface flowing rock above Earth's surface 1 See answer Advertisement Advertisement jjrudolf8 jjrudolf8 Answer: C. molten rock below Earth's surface. A) mafic - very fluid magma makes for passive (fluid) eruptions C) the rock's color The type of volcanic rock with common vesicles is called scoria. B) amount of space available for crystals to fill Examples of rhyolite include several lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the altered rhyolite that makes up the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. Gabbro is a major component of the lower oceanic crust. In some cases, extrusive lava cools so rapidly it does not develop crystals at all. Exercise 3.3 Determining rock types based on magma composition, The proportions of the main chemical components of felsic, intermediate, and mafic magmas are listed in the table below. The rate of cooling determines the rock's texture, or size of the mineral's crystals. Andesitic rocks are often found at continental volcanic arcs, such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are named. These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Gabbro is a major component of the lower oceanic crust. T Thick, viscous felsic magma can trap gas bubbles in a volcanos magma chamber. 1: Granite is a classic coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock. If any melting takes place, crystal settling will make the magma at the bottom of the chamber more mafic than it was to begin with (Figure 3.3.6c). National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Most magma chambers sit far beneath the surface of the Earth. A) granite An eruption reduces the pressure inside the magma chamber. When magma is ejected by a volcano or other vent, the material is called lava. D. lower silica, high iron and magnesium, phaneritic texture Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. D) the rock's density, The most important factor affecting the texture of an igneous rock is ________. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. C) Both of these. Much like intermediate magma, felsic magma may be most commonly found at convergent plate boundaries where transfer of heat and flux melting create large stratovolcanoes. B. mineral grains are roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without the aid of a microscope or magnifying lens The Journal of Geology 39, 5467 (1931). 4. mafic obsidian. B) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface; considered "volcanic" because they form from lava erupted from a volcano. These volcanic mounds can grow into volcanic islands over millions of years of activity. A) the lava after it erupted from a crystallizing magma chamber Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of magma, which is a hot (600 to 1,300 C, or 1,100 to 2,400 F) molten or partially molten rock material. F) basalt; extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively low silica lava, Match the volcano with the appropriate rock formed by its eruption. 2. pressure C) basaltic, rhyolitic B. higher values of this require greater temperatures for melting C. Amphibole - pyroxene - biotite - olivine B) Mafic is a magma/rock that is rich in Fe and Mg, whereas felsic refers to that which is rich in feldspar and silica (quartz) Coarse-grained textures generally indicate magmas that slowly cooled deep underground. As a mafic magma starts to cool, some of the silica combines with iron and magnesium to make olivine. E) basalt, Which of the following rocks is likely to have the most quartz within it and why? Which are definitions of "mafic" and "felsic"? C) Mafic is hard rock, felsic is soft rock. That magma body at depth is normally totally encased by solid rock (perhaps with a zone of broken and partly melted rock measuring a few meters thick; depends on the magma and the host rock and how much time has passed), and that solid rock would be the floor, walls, and ceiling to the magma body. B) highly fluid, cools slowly B. olivine As long as more magma pools into a volcanos magma chamber, there is the possibility of an eruption and the volcano will remain active. As the temperature continues to drop, olivine becomes unstable while pyroxene becomes stable. Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. Mafic MagmaMafic magma has relatively low silica content, roughly 50%, and higher contents in iron and magnesium. Tephra fragments are named based on sizeash (<2 mm), lapilli (2-64 mm), and bombs or blocks (>64 mm). Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. if((replacementValue > 0) && (replacementValue < limit)). For example, it is not known what happens to the pre-existing country rock as the diapir intrudes. An igneous rock is any crystalline or glassy rock that forms from cooling of a magma.. A magma consists mostly of liquid rock matter, but may contain crystals of various minerals, and may contain a gas phase that may be dissolved in the liquid or may be present as a separate gas phase.. Magma can cool to form an igneous rock either on the surface of the Earth .

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