dunhuang library cave
Hong Bian, the monk in the Library Cave The Dunhuang Manuscripts 2, fig. What has survived from the Tang period (618-906) is an important collection of Buddhist paintings on silk and paper, found in Cave 17, in the Valley of the Thousand Buddhas at the Chinese end of the Silk Road. Dunhuang Stein's most famous and controversial expedition was to the Mogao Caves, Dunhuang. Aurel Stein at Dunhuang | Silk Road Digressions Dunhuang Hidden in the north wall on the side of an entrance corridor to Mogao Cave 16 is Cave 17. But it is not actually conclusive. In the center of Rome stands the Pantheon－a temple dedicated to all gods. A new exhibit at the Getty takes guests inside the ancient cave temples of Dunhuang, located along China's once bustling Silk Road. Stein is particularly famous for ‘discovering’ the Library Cave / Cave 17 at the Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang. The Buddha's Nirvana, Mogao Cave 158 Music and Dancing Scene, Cave 25, Yulin Grottoes Mount Wutai (partial view), Mogao Cave 61 Female Donors of Cao Family, Mogao Cave 61 Cross-legged Bodhisattva, Mogao Cave 275 Dunhuang Art Exhibition VISIT THE GROTTOES PANORAMA COLLECTIONS DUNHUANG - SILK ROAD ABOUT US Rong Xinjiang. AncientPages.com - On June 25, 1900, the Dunhuang manuscripts were discovered in one of the sealed caves of the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang, China. This cave is also known as the Library Cave, and the image below is a photo of the entrance into the cave today. Dunhuang was one of the hot spots. The Mogao Caves. The Library Cave (Cave 17) is open to visitors. Studies on Dunhuang began in 1900, when the Dunhuang Library Cave, which had been sealed for 850 years and housed more than 50,000 relics, was accidentally found by a Taoist priest. Bookers are sent a link in advance giving access. Explorers from around the world arrived at Dunhuang, hailing it as one of the most important archaeological finds of the century. After more than 1,000 years’ construction, there are nearly 600 … Cave 16, he found a crack in the wall that revealed a hidden entrance to another cave. xxvii-xxxi. Dunhuang was a great centre of Buddhism from 366 ce to the fall of the Xi (Western) Xia dynasty in the early 13th century. The Dunhuang manuscripts were kept in a cave, the so-called Library Cave, walled off sometime early in the 11th century. This talk focuses on a … Recent Silk Road projects at the Seattle Art Museum include the 2016 exhibition, Journey to Dunhuang: Buddhist art of the Silk Road caves, which displayed the Mogao caves through the eyes of photographers James C M and Lucy Lo during World War II. The Buddhist cave shrines in Dunhuang, China, a unique cultural crossroads on the ancient Silk Route in the Gobi Desert, have been documented in various media thanks to a collaboration of Northwestern University, the Dunhuang Research Academy (an organization in China that seeks to preserve and document the site) and The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Charles Nouette (1869-1910), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. In the late 19th century, a Daoist monk discovered the Dunhuang library cave, a sealed treasury containing ancient manuscripts in seventeen languages from the previous millennia. An important cache of documents was discovered in 1900 in the so-called "Library Cave," which had been walled-up in the 11th century. Museum. Although a Buddhist site, the art and objects found at … Los Angeles, California : The Getty Conservation Institute, [2016] 9781606064894 and 1606064894. The site was a melting pot of cultures. The painting was found in fragments in one of the Buddhist cave-temples of Mogao (near the strategic oasis town of Dunhuang) along the Eastern Silk Road.Along with many other works, it was concealed for some nine hundred years behind the sealed entry of the cave-chapel now known as “the Dunhuang Library Cave” (Cave 17).The fragments were brought to … An important cache of documents was discovered in 1900 in the so-called "Library Cave," which had been walled-up in the 11th century. The walled city of Dunhuang (Sha-chou) was an outpost on the northwestern frontier, whose importance was due primarily to its location for it was a military base on the Silk Road connecting China with Central Asia and the Western world. A mere 6,611 kilometers away, China has its own "pantheon"－the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, Northwest China's Gansu province. Top choice Cave. (en) Dunhuang Research Institute, Dunhuang, A centennial commemoration of the discovery of the cave library, Beijing, Morning glory publishers, 2000 (ISBN 7-5054-0716-3) The Dunhuang manuscripts date to between the 5 th and 11 th centuries A.D., and were sealed up in a chamber in a cave, hidden for about 900 years. The International Dunhuang Project: The Silk Road Online. The chamber was filled with more than five hundred cubic feet of bundled manuscripts. The earliest text is dated to 405 AD, whilst the latest dates to 1002 AD. He decided to stay here, and guarded the caves. In the early twentieth century, a secret cave, now known as the ‘Library Cave’, was discovered in the Buddhist Mogao cave complex (Mogaoku 莫高窟), just outside the Silk Road town of Dunhuang in northwest China. The Dunhuang manuscripts are a cache of important religious and secular documents discovered in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang, China in the early 20th century. The Dunhuang Star Atlas. IDP is a ground-breaking international collaboration to make information and images of all manuscripts, paintings, textiles and artefacts from Dunhuang and archaeological sites of the Eastern Silk Road freely available on the Internet and to encourage their use through educational and research programmes. Materials Found at the Dunhuang Library Cave V A L E R I E H A N S E N yale university, new haven. Answer. This category is for manuscripts (in Chinese and various other languages) discovered at the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang in modern Gansu, China. The Cave Temples Of Dunhuang: Art And History On The Silk Road|Susan Whitfield, In Search Of Cheryl|Cheryl Braxton, The Girl Scouts' Good Turn (Dodo Press)|Edith Lavell, Cardiovascular Disease In General Practice|Terence East The grottoes came into prominence again when news reached Europe of the discovery of a "library cave" at the Mogao site which contained thousands of Buddhist documents going back to early times. Langdon Warner Photographs from the 1924 Dunhuang Expedition. A group of treasured Buddhist sutras from the famous Cangjingdong (The Library Cave) will illustrate the story behind Dunhuang’s historic discovery. Around 15,000 of these — including fragmentary pieces — were acquired from the so-called ‘Library Cave’ at Mogao near Dunhuang in what is now northwest China. The Mogao Caves, also known as the Thousand Buddha Grottoes or Caves of the Thousand Buddhas, form a system of 492 temples 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the center of Dunhuang, an oasis located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, in Gansu province, China.The caves may also be known as the Dunhuang Caves; however, this term is also … It was originally built between 851 and 867 in the Tang dynasty as a memorial chapel dedicated to an eminent monk. Fig. “The indigenous religion and the bon-po in the Dunhuang manuscripts.” In The History of Tibet, Volume I, Alex Mckay (ed.). Who Built the Mogao Caves? When the Library Cave, known as Cave 17 from the Mogao Cave Complex at Dunhuang, China, was opened in 1900, several tons of an estimated 50,000 manuscripts, scrolls, booklets and paintings on silk, hemp and paper were found literally stuffed into it. the mogao caves (mogaoku) or caves of one thousand buddhas (qianfodong) are located some 25 km from dunhuang at the edge of the dunes of the singing sands (mingshashan) of the gobi desert, these cave-shrines, more than 730 in total (of which almost 500 belong to the better preserved southern section) and containing more than 45,000 square meters … 6 When the trade between Khotan and the Uighur Sakyamuni Buddha lies sideway comfortably. While the discovery of the hidden Library Cave by the Taoist Wan Yuanlu was the fuse to make Mogao Caves known around the world. Dating from the 5th to early 11th centuries, the manuscripts include works ranging from history and mathematics to folk songs and dance. ... On the 'A' ticket, you will be given a roughly two-hour tour of eight caves, which should include the famous Hidden Library Cave (cave 17), the two big Buddhas including the vast 35.5m tall Buddha in Cave … ©. A number of Buddhist cave sites are located in the Dunhuang area, the most important of these is the Mogao Caves which is located 25 km (16 mi) southeast of Dunhuang. Most of these manuscripts are held at the British Library in London and the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. The information collected might relate to you, your preferences or your device, and is mostly used to make the sites work as you expect them to and to provide a more personalized web experience. The discovery of the Library Cave at the Mogao Caves in 1990, together with the tens of thousands of manuscripts and relics it contained, has been acclaimed as the world’s greatest discovery of ancient Oriental culture. Today Dunhuang Studies is a vibrant international field of scholarship, invigorated by Internet access to the documents and other materials discovered more than a century ago. In the late 19th century, a Daoist monk discovered the Dunhuang library cave, a sealed treasury containing ancient manuscripts in seventeen languages from the previous millennia. Explorers from around the world arrived at Dunhuang, hailing it as one of the most important archaeological finds of the century. The famous cave-temple complex of Dunhuang is important to Hyecho’s journey for a number of reasons. Most recently, it was in 1908 in the famous Library Cave that the young French scholar Paul Pelliot discovered the fragment of Hyecho’s travel journal, the source of almost everything we know about his pilgrimage. Journey of Maps and Images on the Silk Road , Boston: Brill, 2008, pp. Most of the religious manuscripts are Buddhist, and other religions including … served in the library cave of Dunhuang (cave 17 Northwest China in the ninth and tenth centu- according to the numbering in use today) and ries offers a promising comparison because the taken to the United Kingdom, France, and Russia When you visit our websites, we store cookies on your browser to collect information. 23 Aurel Stein’s view of Mogao Cave 16, in Dunhuang 敦煌, Gansu Province 甘肅省, China, with a number of manuscripts from Cave 17 bundled on the floor. The Hidden Library Cave was discovered by a Daoist priest in 1900 while cleaning a cave next door. in Dunhuang. Search six million images spanning more than 25,000 years of world history, from before the Stone Age to the dawn of the Space Age and find the perfect picture for your project from Granger. bors presented gifts to the emperor in the capital. Here was the so-called Library The secret library cave in dunhuang -- it's past and present Just over a thousand years ago, someone sealed up a chamber in a cave outside the oasis town of Dunhuang, on the edge of the Gobi Desert in western China. They are important religious and secular documents dated back to the period between the 5th to early 11th centuries and contain historical and mathematical works along with folk songs and dance. “The Tribute Trade with Khotan in Light of Materials Found in the Dunhuang Library Cave,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 19 (2005 [published in 2010]: 37-46. Subjects Arts, Central Asian Geographic Names Dunhuang Caves (China) Genres / Formats Reproductions Slides La grotte de Lascaux, située sur la commune de Montignac-Lascaux, dans le département français de la Dordogne en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, dans la vallée de la Vézère, est l'une des plus importantes grottes ornées du Paléolithique supérieur par le nombre et la qualité esthétique de ses œuvres. 6 When the trade between Khotan and the Uighur In the 1890s the Daoist monk Wang Yuanlu (c. 1849–1931) settled at the Mogao Caves and became the self- appointed guardian of the site. October 9, 2013 Just over a thousand years ago, someone sealed up a chamber in a cave outside the oasis town of Dunhuang, on the edge of the Gobi Desert in western China. IDP is a ground-breaking international collaboration to make information and images of all manuscripts, paintings, textiles and artefacts from Dunhuang and archaeological sites of the Eastern Silk Road freely available on the Internet and to encourage their use through educational and research programmes. Among the highlights in Dunhuang: Buddhist Art at the Gateway of the Silk Road will be a group of treasured sutras from the famous Hidden Library Cave, as well as scrolls from the Northern, Tang, and Northern Song dynasties. The Library Cave, Dunhuang. The Valley of the Thousand Buddhas. Category:Dunhuang manuscripts. The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are located on the eastern cliff of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. Manuscripts in Qianfodong 千佛洞 (Cave of a Thousand Buddhas) at Dunhuang. On the west altar of cave 158 is 15.8-meter-long Sakyamuni nirva- na sculpture. Services will be limited Jan. 3-5 due to planned IT upgrade. 12 The Dunhuang Library Cave was discovered over a century ago. Dunhuang was established as a frontier garrison outpost by the Han Dynasty Emperor Wudi to protect against the Xiongnu in 111 BC. It was one of a small number of printed items among many thousands of manuscripts, comprising a library which must have been sealed about 1000 AD. They also tell tales of the merchants, monks, and ruling families who lived, worked, and worshipped in … The so-called "Library Cave" is located in the Dunhuang cave complexes in China and was a sealed treasury containing ancient manuscripts in 17 languages from the previous millennia. They provide a picture of Dunhuang as a vibrant hub of Silk Road trade, and give an indication of the range of goods that were exchanged in the city. The International Dunhuang Project: The Silk Road Online. Some twenty-five kilometers southeast of the oasis town of Dunhuang in the far northwest of China, hundreds of caves were carved into a cliff face along the Daquan River and lavishly decorated with wall paintings and sculptural works. The Mogao Grottoes, known also as the Mogao Caves, the Dunhuang Caves, or the Thousand Buddha Caves, are a network of Buddhist cave temples in China. There remains a long way to go but IDP now offers the scholar a critical mass of freely available data, and is starting to provide the tools to enable scholars and students to exploit this data. The precision with which one can date the creation of this book is purely down to the fact that it gives us its ‘publication’ date—the only such case on this list (it is, according to the British Library, where it now resides, the earliest example of a dated, printed book in the world).A Chinese version of a key text in the Mahayana Buddhist tradition, this Diamond Sutra—found … You can read it yourself, in English translation, online: see the link below. Established by the British Library in 1994, the International Dunhuang Project is an international collaborative programme including institutions from Europe, Asia and the US holding collections related to Dunhuang and other Silk Road sites. Answer: When the Library Cave, known as Cave 17 from the Mogao Cave Complex at Dunhuang, China, was opened in 1900, several tons of an estimated 50,000 manuscripts, scrolls, booklets and paintings on silk, hemp and paper were found literally stuffed into it…. In addition, the tens of thousands of manuscripts and relics hidden in the Library Cave, discovered in 1900, are considered a virtual “encyclopedia of the medieval period” in ancient China and Central Asia. Due to the changes of dynasties, wars, and other unknown reasons, 1,100 bundles of scrolls, including over 50,000 manuscripts covering various fields, were sealed in a cave in the vast desert and forgotten for over 600 years. Its discovery made the Mogao Caves begin to be famous all over the world. On view at the Getty Center May 7 – Sept. 4, 2016, Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Buddhist Art on China's Silk Road features numerous objects originally from the site - paintings and manuscripts that have rarely, if ever, traveled to the United States, as well as three spectacular full-size cave replicas. The scroll was found in 1907 by the archaeologist Marc Aurel Stein in a walled-up cave at Dunhuang cave (Caves of the Thousand Buddhas), near the Silk Road in northwest China. The re-discovery of these precious documents, however, was made completely by accident. After Aurel Stein, Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932), vol. The Library Cave, Dunhuang. hansen: The Tribute Trade with Khotan 38 section will speculate why so many Khotanese documents were placed in cave 17. His portrait statue, unusual here and among all surviving works in China, was removed to another spot when the cave was sealed up in the 11th century, but has been returned now the library has been removed. The term “Dunhuang manuscripts” refers to the tens of thousands of manuscripts, dating from the 5th to the 11th centuries, discovered in the early 20th century in a hidden cave in the Buddhist complex of Mogao, at Dunhuang (Gansu Province, China). The Library Cave (Cave 17) is open to visitors. Its discovery made the Mogao Caves begin to be famous all over the world. Materials Found at the Dunhuang Library Cave V A L E R I E H A N S E N yale university, new haven. In April 2021, the UNESCO’s Executive Board approved the designation of 8 new sites demonstrating the diversity of the planet’s geology as new Geoparks. Stein arrived there in 1907 on his second expedition to China, which was funded The Dunhuang Manuscripts that contained documents from 405 to 1002, writing in characters of many different ethnic groups are included. Cave 17 is only one of ~500 human-made caves called the Mogao Ku or Mogao Grottoes (also known as the Thousand Buddha Grottoes), which were dug into a loess cliff approximately 15 miles (25 kilometers miles) southeast of the town of Dunhuang in Gansu province of northeastern China. This site is located near the city of Dunhuang in the northwestern Chinese province of Gansu. Thus for Rong, the contents of the Dunhuang cave represent a complete monastic library, rather than a variety of libraries and personal collections. The is is a small but interesting museum in the grounds of Mogao Grottoes, in the the rather-more-recent monastery built by Abbott Wang Yuanlu from the proceeds of his sale of manuscripts he discovered in the Library Cave (#17) of the Mogao grottoes. Map, showing the original entrance to Cave 17, the “library cave” in Dunhuang, Aurel Stein – Early Tibet Blog, Secrets of the Cave II: The “Library Cave”(1908) Burglar vs Knight Aurel Stein was knighted for his efforts, however, Chinese nationalists dubbed him a burglar and staged protests against him. The documents and artifacts discovered in the site’s famed Library Cave, along with the paintings and sculptures found in almost 500 other caves, focus primarily on Buddhism. The No. The Dunhuang manuscripts date to between the 5 th and 11 th centuries A.D., and were sealed up in a chamber in a cave, hidden for about 900 years. This is a vast Buddhist cave temple complex filled with magnificent wall paintings and clay sculptures primarily dating from the 4th to the 14th centuries. This was a cache of manuscripts, paintings and textiles dating from c.400-c.1000 that had been stored inside a small rock-cut room. The Library Cave (Cave 17) in the Mogao Grottoes, located off the north side of the corridor leading to Cave 16，has an area of about 7.8 square meters. Yale Library will close Dec. 22 at 5 pm, reopening Jan. 3 to current faculty, students, and staff. The documents, written before the 11 th century, cover a wide array: Buddhist treaties, contracts, game manual… They were found by the Taoist monk Wang Yuanlu who started selling the manuscripts to fund the restoration of the Mogao caves in which the documents were found … Library Cave Found. Xiaoze Xie will present his work-in-progress made during his artist residency in the summer of 2017 at the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, a historic site of Buddhist art on China’s Silk Road. The Dunhuang Manuscripts are a cache of around 20,000 important scrolls found in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang. “What is a Map?” in Philippe Forêt and Andreas Kaplony (ed.) The original number of Tibetan manuscripts in the library cave. “The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for its Sealing.” Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 11, 2000. It was originally built between 851 and 867 in the Tang dynasty as a memorial chapel dedicated to an eminent monk. In each white packet was ten scrolls. Since the discovery of the Dunhuang Library Cave in 1900, thousands of ancient manuscripts have been revealed to the public and attracted the attention of many scholars with different disciplinary backgrounds. Marc Aurel Stein (1862-1943) came across the cave in Dunhuang which held the manuscripts, generally known as the “library cave”, in 1907. Translated into English from French by Peter Richardus. The Dunhuang Manuscripts are a cache of around 20,000 important scrolls found in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang. Among the highlights in Dunhuang: Buddhist Art at the Gateway of the Silk Road will be a group of treasured sutras from the famous Hidden Library Cave, as well as scrolls from the Northern, Tang, and Northern Song dynasties. What has survived from the Tang period (618-906) is an important collection of Buddhist paintings on silk and paper, found in Cave 17, in the Valley of the Thousand Buddhas at the Chinese end of the Silk Road. This is a vast Buddhist cave temple complex filled with magnificent wall paintings and clay sculptures primarily dating from the 4th to the 14th centuries. Religious texts are mostly Buddhist, but include Manichean, Nestorian Christian, Daoist, and Confucian works. The Library Cave contained some 15 cubic meters of manuscripts and paintings, dating from 406–1002 CE. It also became an important gateway to the West, a centre of commerce along the Silk Road, as well as a meeting place of various people and religions such as Buddhism.. hansen: The Tribute Trade with Khotan 38 section will speculate why so many Khotanese documents were placed in cave 17. One of the caves, known as the ‘library cave’, contains as many as 40,000 scrolls, a depositary of documents that is of enormous value in understanding the cultural diversity of this Silk Road city. The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. The is is a small but interesting museum in the grounds of Mogao Grottoes, in the the rather-more-recent monastery built by Abbott Wang Yuanlu from the proceeds of his sale of manuscripts he discovered in the Library Cave (#17) of the Mogao grottoes. Due to the changes of dynasties, wars, and other unknown reasons, 1,100 bundles of scrolls, including over 50,000 manuscripts covering various fields, were sealed in a cave in the vast desert and forgotten for over 600 years. This is a vast Buddhist cave temple complex filled with magnificent wall paintings and clay sculptures primarily dating from the 4th to the 14th centuries. All works or art were originally from the hidden Cave 17, also known as the Library Cave, where more than 40,000 objects were sealed away for more than … Most of these manuscripts contain Buddhist texts and are written in Chinese and Tibetan, but also in other languages, notably … The Library Cave. Library Cave Heritage Museum is located in Dunhuang. China News Agency, Dunhuang, November 7th (Reporter Feng Zhijun) On November 7, more than 150 senior experts and scholars of Dunhuang in China gathered at the Mogao Grottoes, a world cultural heritage site, to commemorate the unearthed cultural relics of the Dunhuang Buddhist scripture cave, the Chinese nation and all mankind The 120th … He was the chief of monks in the Hexi area, west of the Yellow River. A stunning discovery of manuscripts from a cave, then named Library Cave, occurred at the beginning of the 20th century by Taoist Wang Yuanlu 王圓籙. This ancient city was once located in an oasis on a strategic point of the ancient Silk Road. The cave was sealed around the 11th century CE. Cookie Settings. What material did they use for paper in the Library Cave? A NOTE ON DUNHUANG CAVE 17, "THE LIBRARY," OR HONG BIAN'S RELIQUARY CHAMBER BY JOHN C. HUNTINGTON CAVE 17 AT DUNHUANG'Sa MOGAOKUb CAVES, THE so-called "library," is justifiably famous as the source of the documents and paintings brought out on expeditions by Stein, Pelliot,' Oldenburg and several others. The exhibition celebrates more than 25 years of collaboration between the Getty … L'architecture de Dunhuang, ainsi que les peintures sur soie ou sur papier sont traitées dans d'autres volumes). * * * Rong’s theory is thorough and well-argued, and many have found it very convincing. When the mud was removed, there was a small cave, a little bigger than ten feet. It was one of the chief places of entry for Buddhist monks and missionaries from the kingdoms of Central Asia, and in 366 these Buddhists founded the first of what are now known as the Mogao Caves—also called the Caves of the Thousand … Stein's most famous and controversial expedition was to the Mogao Caves, Dunhuang. In the next few years, Wang took some manuscripts to show to various officials who expressed varying level of interes… It was filled with countless numbers of white packets, whose arrangement was quite orderly. A silk painting of sacred Buddhist images from Dunhuang The paintings and manuscripts from cave 17 at Mogao (1 of 2) The paintings and manuscripts from cave 17 at Mogao (2 of 2) Hong Bian, the monk in the Library Cave (Cave 17), Mogao Stencil for a five-figure Buddha group Illustration to the Fumu enzhong jing, Dunhuang Dunhuang Historical Art: Hong Bian the Monk. The arrangement of documents in this library cave suggests that they were deliberately stored there, and it seems likely that the local monasteries used the cave as a store room. IDP has been established for little more than a decade. Mogao Cave 17, late Tang Dynasty, 848–907 C.E., Dunhuang, China (image courtesy of the Dunhuang Academy) Sitting in line with the opening of the cave is a statue of an eminent Buddhist monk from the ninth century named Hong Bian. On June 25, 1900, tens of thousands of important historical manuscripts were found in a secret room within the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas in Dunhuang, China, where they had been hidden for nearly a millennium. Dunhuang Library Cave, or Cang Jing Dong, is a small secret stone chamber behind the 16th cave of Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang, which preserved over 50,000 scrolls, painting, and embroidery masterpieces. The re-discovery of these precious documents, however, was made completely by accident. The Library Cave, Dunhuang. 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The Silk Road, Boston: Brill, 2008, pp the help of some locals the Dunhuang... '' －the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, Northwest China 's Gansu province this Cave is also known as the Cave. Cliff of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang Library Cave a... 1900 while cleaning a Cave next door and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein to here... Made the Mogao Caves, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein Forêt and Andreas Kaplony (.! Philippe Forêt and Andreas Kaplony ( ed. from around the world California: the Getty Conservation,... Use for paper in the northwestern Chinese province of Gansu, [ 2016 ] 9781606064894 and 1606064894 Maps Images.
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