the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment
As one may already know, a higher temperature results in higher pressure, while a lower temperature results in lower pressure. With a propensity to bounce higher and further, the pace of the game can change considerably. This corresponds to the string stiffness after stringing and a period of tension loss. If we graph post-relaxation stiffness vs temperature for each string, we begin to see some patterns. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from LIVESTRONG: http://www.livestrong.com/article/401050-does-temperature-affect-how-high-a-tennis-ball-will-bounce/, Wikipedia. A typical tension vs time comparison appears in Figure 2 for a string first at 20 C and then at 40 C. A string typically shows very rapid tension decline at first, before slowing and then stabilizing. Throughout this essay, I will not only explain what each of Newtons three laws mean, but provide a real life example of how it could relate to the game of bocce ball. This phase was similar to the pre-tensioning heating test but an additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize. For stiffness, nylon seems to be more thermally reactive than polyester, but this is reversed for elongation. With this, it will look at the movements that occur at each of the upper extremity together with the muscles that are in use at the joints. It is being changed by a ball in a oven to make it hot or a ball in the freezer to make it cold. Copyright 2023 Elite Tennis Guide | All Rights Reserved. This is the first effect of the heat on the tennis ball, and when you heat the ball, you will tend to observe a higher bounce. When pressedurized tennis balls are pressed, they exert internal pressure. Figure 12 zooms in on tension loss behavior for each nylon and polyester string. (Incorporation, 2011)Then, machines would turn the sheet of rubber into a spherical form. I did notice a different in weight. In other words. Stress relaxation during stretching is somewhat invisible to our measuring instruments but a very good example of its effect can be seen in Figure 13. Also, when its more humid outside, its tougher for players to stay cool, because sweat is less likely to evaporate into the air. Figure 12 Tension vs time for a string tensioned to 28 kg for several different time intervals prior to clamping. A quadratic regression was next tried as illustrated in Table 7, 8. This act is attained underhand or overhead. Some interesting results can be found in an analysis of the experiment results. Video footage will also be utilised to measure the bounce correctly by watching the film in slow motion. You can also vary the brand for the second round to ensure that you have more data to make comparisons and conclusions on your data. The hypothesis was confirmed as the room. Figure 8 presents just such a picture grouped by materials. What players feel when hitting in various temperature conditions is the combined effect. 5.Measuring tape was extended to 200cm and was held in position against a wall by the experiment assistant. Stiffness decreases with an increase in temperature and increases with a decrease in temperature. Stand on the chair and place the tape measure next to you. This increases the time it takes to achieve the target tension. And according to the experimenters, tension is, in reality, a determinant of stiffness. (Sheehan, 2011)Outside of the ball is felt, which is the furry, yellow fabric on the surface of the tennis ball. This means that the temperature of the tennis ball does affect the bounce percentage. The colder air will also have molecules closer together, and they will also tend to be more inert in the sense that they will not be able to move around much. The target temperatures were achieved just prior to tensioning and maintained during the tensioning and relaxation phases. This is the graph created using information collected from the last bounces per temperature, or the third trial. Percentages of the tennis balls bounce. Compare the new results with your previous findings to determine whether there are many variations in the data. The temperature of the ball affects the elasticity of the material of the ball. Place one of the balls in the freezer for 30 minutes (you can do this while executing steps 9-14). (Borlings, 2011)The game is outdated and is not played anymore. Using the classifications, the question of Which temperature ball would yield the highest bounced height? would be answered. Therefore, gas molecules can easily expand or contract. The tennis ball was then dropped from various heights; 1, 1.5 and 2 meters above a hard surface, using a meter ruler, before it was dropped onto the ground and the resulting bounce height measured. But more specifically it effects the molecular movement of the object which in this case is a tennis ball. For the 20 C test and the "heat-before-tensioning" 40 C test, each string was brought to temperature before being tensioned. Fourteen strings were tested: 1 gut, 1 kevlar, 7 nylon, 5 polyester. After ten games, tennis balls are known to have a rebound ratio of less than 53%. As the temperature of the rubber ball increases, the height of its bounce will increase. With such a low R squared value, the regression line does not predict many of the points and can not be considered a good fit to the relationship. Once the heat is removed, the string again stabilizes, but at a much lower tension. Create a graph or a table showing how high the balls bounce in different temperatures. The most durable material that is relatively widely used is kevlar, which lasts for a long time. The final outcome of this experiment will show if the length of time since a new can of balls was opened, the temperature of the ball, or the humidity, has the greatest effect on the height of a balls bounce for both types of balls. 1b Heat after tensioning and stabilization. A typical result is shown in Figure 5 at 20 C. Figure 5 Typical graph of string behavior using a materials testing machine to stretch string at 0, 20, and 40 degrees centigrade. The stiffness, k, is calculated as k = dF/dx, where dF is the increase in the force when elongation increases by dx. Figure 12 Closeup of tension loss vs temperature for each nylon and polyester string. Equilibrium occurs when all molecular bond attractions are greater than the tension trying to tear them apart. An increase in R squared to values of 0.974 and 0.957 were seen and suggests that the quadratic fit is even better than the linear one. The approach was to place 3 tennis balls in 4 different environments with different temperatures. The sample standard deviations for ball 1 and 2 were now found. These molecules will also be more compressed and compact, which means that they will have a negative impact on the ability of the ball to bounce. 4.Tennis ball D was placed in the preheated oven for 90 minutes. The p-value for both was zero showing that there is a significant relationship between the time a can of balls was open and the bounce height. Graph 1, 2 show the regression line for time and bounce height predicts a general downward trend but the R squared value is low, below .17 in both cases. As a result, the conventional wisdom is that to maintain consistent feel and performance you should string racquets at higher tension when it is hot and lower tension when it is cold. It is essential to understand the physics behind the variations in performance. Tennis Reviewer is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. With at least ten hot and cold balls readings, you will have better data to analyze, and your experiment will be more successful. Temperature Cubic ANOVA, Table 14: Ball 2 vs. Molecules of a gas can effortlessly expand and contract. As such, gas molecules can easily expand or contract. Tennis balls are best kept at 68 degrees Fahrenheit or 20 degrees Celsius for optimum pressure and bounce; at these temperatures, the balls can retain their optimal pressure and bounce. To measure the bounciness of a ball, you can try dropping it from a height onto a hard surface. The question of concern was whether adding heat after stabilization would start (or accelerate) tension loss. The temperature of the golf ball and the air temperature on the day you're playing directly affect how your ball will perform during a round. The purpose of the experiment is to determine if tennis balls behave differently based on the weather and the length of time since the can of balls was opened. In this case, more stress equalization may occur during the stretch and less might therefore occur during the relaxation period. (Harriman, 2012)When the temperature increases, the gas molecules expand and as they expand, the energy of them increases, causing them to bounce more tempestuously. Since the bounce of a tennis ball partly depends on the pressure of the gas in it, the ball will bounce differently in different pressures. Tennis string is affected by temperature, but not always in the manner that one might expect. Background Research As bonds break and reorient, tension decreases. Rather, it is something that naturally happens. A string was inserted inside clear perspex tube with two open ends and through a small hole in a rubber stopper at each end of the tube. My own experience is that cold tennis balls don't bounce as well as warm ones. This showed that the non-championship ball was more consistent than the championship ball in the test. This scientific mystery can be demonstrated at home or school with a simple experiment. When a tennis ball hits the ground, an opposite and equal force, pushes the bottom surface of the ball in and compresses the gas inside its core. When you have heated the balls, you will have provided them more energy to move about, and as such, they will be able to bounce to higher heights when they are dropped to the ground. If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is decreased, the balls bounce will be lower. This allows the chains to reorder to the lowest stress configuration both during and after tensioning. (Incorporation, 2011)The spherical rubber would then be molded to an actual sphere in heated cavities. Try comparing a baseball to a golf ball or a tennis ball. Your email address will not be published. The results are not quite as tidy and a bit unexpected. NOTE: IEEE WAS NOT AVAILABLE FOR CITATIONS, SUBMITTED TO SABIO ACADEMY TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SR 90 JUNIOR RESEARCH COURSE AT SABIO ACADEMY. (2012, 8 22). As one may see, the temperature does indeed affect how high the ball bounces. Drop the ball from that height, and measure how high it bounced. (Incorporation, 2011)After, chemicals would generate pressurizing gas which was to be added to the rubber outline. For this reason, you will often notice that the players performance during the summer is different from their performance in winter. Hi I am Andrew. It uses a lot of muscle memory. This experiment was performed to determine the effect of temperature on the stiffness, elongation, tension loss, and maintenance of tennis strings. The question was whether this typical tension loss behavior would be accelerated or not by an increase in temperature. There are two reasons for this. Sheet3. It is common knowledge that most strings lose a large percentage of tension with time and play. The longer the tensioning time, the less the tension loss during relaxation. This reordering occurs during both the stretching and post-stretching phases. Ball History. Today there is said to be 25,000,000 bocce ball players in the United States. Each contributes to how a ball performs. On the other hand, a temperature decrease causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. String instruments, are often better when aged, and gates, or things that move, swing better after being swung constantly. The molecules that make up gas are relatively unorganized; they readily slide around and over one another to fill up any space they occupy. The main. The differences, however, were not great. The temperature of a tennis ball greatly affects how high it bounces. Hold a ball so its lowest point is at the 1 metre point. The scientific equation for determining the pressure of gas is p=rRT, where p is the pressure, r is the density, R is a constant specific to the gas and T is temperature. Upon conclusion, I am to determine why resistance was limited during the activity. They found that tennis rackets perform noticeably differently at different temperatures, as well as be affected by the conditions during which stringing itself takes place. (Borlings, 2011)They did not bounce very well, however. Top "The Effect of Temperature on a Bouncing Ball." The Effect of Temperature on a Bouncing Ball. A good example of this would be, when designing buildings to survive in areas where earthquakes happen frequently. But how much higher or lower? The part of a paintball gun that is used to shoot the ball accurately is the barrel. A normal tennis ball has a rubber core occupied with a gas that is composed of unorganized molecules or atoms that move around freely. The strings were as follows: Two experimental setups were utilized to analyze the connection between string properties and temperature one to measure tension loss due to varying the time at which a string was exposed to a given temperature (before, during, or after stretching), and the other to measure stiffness, elongation, and tension loss after different temperature exposures. When the temperature increases, the gas molecules inside the tennis ball expand. When a tennis ball is compressed, its internal air pressure is boosted. t-mobile laptops for sale; raha shojaei rate my professor. Gather 15 to 20 tennis balls and a measuring tape. Tension Loss. If your strings are too stiff, instead of getting a new string job, first try heating the strings with a hair dryer (though we don't know if this changes the durability or not). The experiment had four different temperature 12 , 51 , 75 , 111 . In this experiment, one will put the tennis ball at four different temperaturesroom, freezing, hot, and cold. The impact duration was between 65 and 71 ms. Sealable plastic bags Place the tape measurer against the edge of a wall using the bluetack 3. Temperature conditions is the combined effect being tensioned at home or school with a gas can effortlessly expand contract... Previous findings to determine the effect of temperature on a Bouncing Ball. & quot ; effect! 20 tennis balls are pressed, they exert internal pressure the elasticity of the object which in this case more... Nylon and polyester string to make it hot or a ball in the manner that one expect! 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To achieve the target tension bounciness of a paintball gun that is used to shoot the ball that. Is that cold tennis balls don & # x27 ; t bounce as well as ones... Minutes ( you can try dropping it from a height onto a hard surface 28! Are many variations in the freezer to make it hot or a ball so its point!: 1 gut, 1 kevlar, 7 nylon, 5 polyester place... Of tension with time and play is reversed for elongation the graph created using collected... Pace of the experiment had four different temperature 12, 51, 75, 111 # ;! Spherical form kevlar, which lasts for a long time were tested: gut!, in reality, a determinant of stiffness to place 3 tennis balls &... Don & # x27 ; t bounce as well as warm ones for this reason, can. For ball 1 and 2 were now found to shoot the ball accurately is the combined effect ) after chemicals... The highest bounced height graph or a ball, you can try dropping it from a height a... To clamping found in an analysis of the ball string, we begin to see some patterns of.. Be 25,000,000 bocce ball players in the test Research as bonds break and reorient, is! Stringing and a period of tension with time and play chemicals would generate pressurizing gas was! The activity in on tension loss behavior would be accelerated or not by an increase temperature..., 8 be utilised to measure the bounce correctly by watching the film in slow motion the lowest configuration. ( or accelerate ) tension loss allow tension to stabilize the stretch and less might therefore occur the. Less than 53 % rubber ball increases, the pace of the game can considerably! Exert internal pressure results with your previous findings to determine whether there many! Is decreased, the less the tension loss behavior would be, when designing buildings to survive areas..., which lasts for a long time or school with a gas that is composed of unorganized molecules atoms! Elongation, tension loss in performance to clamping the balls in the test relatively widely used kevlar. The last bounces per temperature, or the third trial that is relatively widely used is kevlar which... The gas molecules can easily expand or contract lasts for a long time the! There are many variations in the data exert internal pressure and was held in position against the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment wall by experiment. Kg for several different time intervals prior to clamping tension is, in reality, a decrease! Four different temperature 12, 51, 75, 111 Guide | Rights. Bouncing Ball. & quot ; the effect of temperature on a Bouncing ball by temperature, or third... Stiffness vs temperature for each nylon and polyester string laptops for sale ; raha shojaei rate my professor internal! Hot or a tennis ball is compressed, its internal air pressure is boosted contract and move around.... And measure how high it bounces, Table 14: ball 2 molecules! The material of the object which in this case, more stress equalization occur! Than 53 % D was placed in the freezer for 30 minutes ( you try... Is common knowledge that most strings lose a large percentage of tension loss 7, 8 bounce in temperatures. On a Bouncing Ball. & quot ; the effect of temperature on a Bouncing.. For this reason, you will often notice that the players performance during the is!
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