ww2 tank crew life expectancy
Huge battles were fought, leaving the land strewn with dead bodies and ruined machines. What was the lifespan of a tank in WW2? Those landing in occupied countries had more chance of evading capture. The tankmen tried to pull it out, asked the local villagers for help by putting logs under the caterpillar treads. Can someone hack my PC through online games? Here are six unsettling things about the war kids are not usually taught in school. As the Soviets reeled under the surprise attack, the most powerful German formations swept through what is now Belarus. This might sound simple, but when it's a moving target under the pressure of explosions, shouting and the roar of the . As the war progressed, lines of courageous helpers, who sheltered fugitive airmen, were built up by MI9 - the British escape service - to get the men to neutral Spain or Switzerland. The real skill lies in aiming, and getting your target locked onto sight. Another image depicts the more basic M4A3 Sherman tank advancing into the center of Kronach in April, 1945. And what the ETO. These problems were increased by operating at night. Thebomber warwas fought largely by young, civilian volunteers from Britain and the Commonwealth, commanded by men who joined up before theSecond World War. The family, the Yakushevs are the most famous tank-hunters in Belarus. Other photographs show German artillerymen shooting Soviet tanks, while another exposes a more technically advanced and fearsome snow-covered German Panzer tank being used by two German soldiers . Isnt that the only measure we need from this machine? He would command a Panther tank during the Ardennes offensive and later fight against the Soviets in 1945. It is easy to hunt when you are shown a definite point, says Mikalutski. Some years ago Vladimir Yakushev worked as a collective farm engineer. Or sent in again? This was partly mitigated by huge numbers of replacement vehicles and an anticipated short life expectancy for each tank. This is merely an attempt to give it a pertinent evaluation. Clifford Williamson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. At this point the burning tanks in the front of the column helped obscure tanks in the rear. In the early morning hours of the next day Barkmann slipped his broken tank out of the area, leaving behind 9 destroyed Shermans and multiple other destroyed vehicles before the Americans had another chance to pounce. During the whole war, 51% of aircrew were killed on operations, 12% were killed or wounded in non-operational accidents and 13% becameprisoners of waror evaders. Where do these tanks go, after they have been restored? Other amateurs also search for the lost vehicles. Discussions on every day life in the Weimar Republic, pre-anschluss Austria, Third Reich and the occupied territories. When you watch Fury, remember Stuart Hills and all those who experienced the extraordinary reality of life inside a World War II tank. Now, everyone wants to compare these two tanks, both individually and strategically. These are all numbers I've come across when doing my own research, but again, the answers are generally always vague and sometimes the numbers just don't match. This the Panther did very well. At the end of the day the Panther still held the corner. James Tarr gets to talk to Steve Wilson of Rock River Arms about their RBG. If you liked this story,sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called If You Only Read 6 Things This Week. The crew (four or five or six) would sleep under a waterproof tarpaulin, in a row alongside their tank. They were sustained by parcels of food, medicine and other comforts sent by the Red Cross. David Fortier is with CEO of Silencer Central Brandon Maddox at Roundtable 2022. Vladimir Yakushev recollects a unique discovery when they recovered a German Panzer III medium tank which fell into swamps in Vitebsk region. Throughout this period, the hunters lifted up only five tanks that were intact. Barkmann would receive the Knights Cross for his actions around Saint Lo. Limited views and limited space was what all of those whose served in them had. German tanks roared across the Soviet border giving the enemy no time to recover. Barkmann, like other panzer vets, would often dismount and get ahead of his tank to survey the area ahead. Ironically, Roberts only stood at five-feet, three-inches tall. Namely spot the enemy first, and keep them at a distance. Germany also had less access to resources, so it simply couldn't compete with the US in tank production. The Panther weighed 45 tonnes compared to the Shermans 33 tonnes. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The Tank can be very marginally considered a science-fiction film it is set around a NASA habitat experiment designed for future Mars habitation something like this has not happened in real life so far, although it could very easily do so meaning that it does not exactly involve the speculative science that science . It was difficult to see the enemy. Based on their recent combat experience a request was put in for newer tank designs. Service life of the Sherman (diesel engine, wet storage) seems to be nearly 20 years (Israeli M50/M51s), but was at least 3 years (early 1943 to 1945). The Winchester 350 Legend is built with hunters and sport shooters in mind, 350 Legend is versatile on the range and in the deer woods. That is why the M4 Sherman would receive a 40 caliber 75mm gun while the M10 Tank Destroyer mounted the high velocity 52 caliber 76mm gun. This is why the Panther was armed with the long barreled Kampfwagonkanone, or KwK 42, which was a 70 caliber 75mm gun. Survivors would try to evade capture as, if they were not killed bythe SS,the Gestapoor angry civilians, they would becomeprisoners of war (POWs). An exhausted young Canadian pilot after returning from an operation over Germany, 1942. A Bomber Command aircrew operated as a team. Men in the water did not stay alive for long. A six-month break - usually spent as instructors with training units - was followed by a second and final tour. Driving skills were tested through initially driving a truck, gunnery skills with an air-gun that fired at small wooden tank models pulled by string. The hedgerows prevented easy flanking. An unexpected error has occurred with your sign up. Going to see Fury you dont get that dreadful, nauseating smell of burnt flesh. When a tank is being lifted up, the officers from the Ministry of Internal Affairs arrive, take the ammunition, and seal off the area so that nobody has their head shot off. The Germans didnt have that luxury. His work has been featured in psfk.com, foxsports.com, politicususa.com and hillreporter.com. British forces felt that if they continually shelled Berlin, it would be demoralizing to the Germans. When it is very deep they put on chemical protection suits. When it comes to the main gun, you have to understand the reasons for arming the tanks so differently. For the next few days there might be no flying. The second team, an amateurs club called Poisk, which is where Vladimir and Mikalutski started to learn their trade almost 20 years ago. The new design would mount the 75mm main gun in a fully traversable turret, rather than in the hull like the M3. Vladimir has the most experience of walking through the mire. The developers of the computer game World of Tanks have even visited to record the sounds of different tanks. Recruits were generally sourced through conscription. The tank regiments used in D-Day were made up of such crews, both veterans from the desert campaigns and raw recruits. Royston spent more than 60 hours over several weeks carefully reworking the images in a bid to show younger generations that war was real and did not just take place in black and white like some see it. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. More than 8,000 men were killed in training accidents or other non-operational flying during theSecond World War. One scene from Fury shows Wardaddy attempting to toughen up Norman by forcing him to shoot a German prisoner in the back, against his will. For this question I'm excluding tank action on the Eastern Front and in the Pacific (and as far as the latter goes, largely because Japan's tanks were quite lackluster against anything they faced). Only 25% of airmen safely exitedHalifaxesandStirlings, a mere 15% fromLancasters. It works, runs. The sales permit is only issued if there are more than two examples in the country. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. III force the Oued Maarouf River in Tunisia. It could fly across bridges.. This person is the leader of the crew. Now, this story will likely not end the debate. Today the KV-1 has pretended to destroy two German tanks, a Panzer III and Panzer 38(t). Initially the German high command was interested in a heavy breakthrough tank. Airmen who becamePOWsfirst went toDulag Lufttransit camp near Frankfurt, where they were interrogated for information, and then to a permanent camp. Subscriber Services. It tends to concur with the info that JamesL found. I was fooling around inside a Sherman a while back. As well as moving the tank, he also had to double up as a mechanic. Landings were often perilous. Endurance and perseverance were the watchwords. Join 800,000+ Future fans by liking us onFacebook, or follow us onTwitter. Check out the new for 2022 Walther Pro SD with James Tarr and Jens Krogh. The duo then took Benehakaka Ben Kanahele and his wife, Kealoha Ella Kanahele, as captives. Oft quoted "tail gunners in WWII had a life expectancy of 4 flights." "or 2 weeks." Fred Wilson, May 18, 2013 #2 Ron Goldstein WW2 Veteran WW2 Veteran In January 1945 I had a letter from home telling me that my brother had enlisted in the RAF. From The Bridge on the River Kwai to Saving Private Ryan to Schindlers List, directors keep turning to the good war. This year alone, Fury (in theaters this weekend), Imitation Game and Unbroken all feature World War II heroes and will all battle for Oscar buzz. The actors also learned that the soldiers would differentiate between outgoing and incoming artillery by the whistling sound a projectile make when coming towards you (but not away from you). When the German army attacked the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, tanks were a crucial factor in their initial success. The team of renovators put on helmets and turn into the tank crew. When the Germans invaded in June 1941, KV-1s had only just entered service, and came as a huge shock to German tank crews. Barkmann and his crew calmly took each one in turn. As John Irwin, an American tank gunner who fought in the allied invasion of Europe, bluntly put it his Commander Joe would pick the targets, and I would try and hit them[4]. Ayer incorporated this and other details he learned from veterans into the movie, like that every fifth bullet from a guns machine is a tracer, which is ignited with a burning powder that glows brightly so the shooter can follow the trajectory of the bullet with the naked eye. We use your sign-up to provide content in the ways you've consented to and improve our understanding of you. An incredible 15,000 American pilots died while in training for the war. A German machine gun squad take up position in ruins, M4A3(75) Sherman tanks of the 9th US Armored Division in Westhausen, German, on April 10, 1945. After the attack, his aircraft crash-landed on a small Hawaiian island called Niihau, owned by the White American Robinson family. It seems that the Germans were sure that they would conquer the USSR and were already making plans for after the conflict. Parachutes were bulky and not completely reliable, escape hatches were small and had to be located in the dark, and the aircraft might be on fire and out of control. There's also some interesting stuff on this issue in the 'artillery and armour' section of the excellent 'The Sharp End: The Fighting Man in World war II' by Peter Ellis (London 1990). While he is responsible for the firing of the main gun, this is only 40% of the job. By tenfive2, August 23, 2001 in Combat Mission Archive #3 (2001) Share. Of course the Tank Destroyers were never were you needed them, so the 76mm gun did eventually end up being mounted in some M4s to provide a more effective anti-armor capability. So now were dedicating a series to help you escape. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Airman First Class Shigenori Nishikaichi was a Japanese pilot who took part in the second wave of the Pearl Harbor attack. The battle involved about 2,000 tanks from both sides, including this KV-1. David Fortier gets a look at Roundtable with Nathan Robinson. As just one of many Eastern Front veterans, he had to understand the limitations of his foe use them to his advantage. Perhaps more than any other historical event, World War II has provided fodder for Hollywood. Yes, Germany produced only 6,000+ Panthers verses the 50,000+ Sherman M4 models. So, lets compare the Panther to what many consider to actually be the best tank of the war, the American M4 Sherman. The incredible pictures were brought to life by Royston Leonard, 55, an electrician from Wales, who took the time to carefully colourise the photographs, highlighting the true occurrence of the war and the weapons used. The Yakushev family and a specialist in renovation, Alexander Mikalutski, are the first. As relative losses reduced and crew experience increased things started to improve . Bush and his two crew members were shot down. In early 1941 a German prototype known as the VK 30.01 would have been very comparable to the Sherman. That said, their use was mainly limited to Soviet and French tanks; and was not widely incorporated into British and American designs who preferred human loaders. I thought the majority of the "wet ammo storage" Shermans went to the Russians? More prisoners were taken during theSecond World Warthan in any other conflict. This proved an extremely though job, as at times they had to work with minimal information. Todd Neikirk is a New Jersey-based politics, entertainment and history writer. Patrick Sweeney shows us his PCC Competition SIG Sauer MPX. This made it more mobile in all conditions of terrain. We work with various museums, historical societies and media outlets around the world. David Fortier is with Paul Pluff of Ruger at 2022 Roundtable checking out Ruger's SFAR - Small Frame AR. Again there are numerous sources that go into further detail. Only two teams have such a licence. We even ate the German chocolate from this tank, says Mikalutski. Fury director David Ayer, who is a veteran himself, wanted to distinguish his World War II film with an air of authenticity. During training, they were allocated their main tasks based on rudimentary skills they revealed: radio operator, driver, or gunner. This 47-tonne jumbo became stuck in a swamp. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The family has a small flat with a kitchen and a big common room with beds while they are based in the workshops. We raised two brewed-up Panzers 38(t)s, and a German StuG III self-propelled gun [a tank-like vehicle with an artillery gun], all of them piece-by-piece, say the renovators. The ground around the tanks has to be drained before they can be lifted out (Credit: Denis Aldokhin). Copyright 20102023, The Conversation Media Group Ltd, Committee Member - MNF Research Advisory Committee, PhD Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship, Associate Lecturer, Creative Writing and Literature. Was the Panther the best tank of World War II? We need some rest: everyone is worn out, mentally and physically[1]. RAF stations generally had good leisure facilities and there were frequent dances, mess parties and variety shows. German tanks couldnt match their opposites numerically, so they had to be more effective tank killers. Now the KV-1 differs from an original vehicle in only a handful of parts. What was the survival rate of WW2 bomber crew? Yet in arguments like those concerning the Tiger tank, the Panther had one intangible factor to it, the crew inside. During its recovery, eight unexploded shells were taken from it. When renovators assemble one complete tank from several machines it can turn into quite the puzzle. It will try and cover the day-to-day routine of a tank crewmember. The KV-1 has joined an array of tanks at the Stalin Line museum restored by the team (Credit: Anton Skyba), When you have a good job, you dont need holidays, they joke. Difficult graph to plot as there are way to many variables. Only two Germans were lightly wounded, and the only death was an elephant in the Berlin zoo. The worst B-29 mission, against Tokyo on May 25, 1945, cost 26 Superfortresses, 5.6 percent of the 464 dispatched from the Marianas.. On average, 6,600 American servicemen died per month during WWII, about 220 a day. However, recovering such finds is time-consuming and the license for searching and recovering military equipment is only issued personally by the countrys president, Alexander Lukashenko. The Germans now realized though that their medium tanks might have to face Soviet heavy tanks, and so they needed the ability to stand on their own. Will we be withdrawn? Calmly advancing down a French country road before the lead tank was hit out of nowhere. An RAF bomber crew being debriefed by the squadron intellgence officer on their return from a night raid over Germany, 1941. Now, a dedicated team of salvagers scour marsh and forest to find these forgotten reminders of World War Two. They often spend nights near the marshes in a van. These machines became the donors for the tank. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. BBC Future has brought you in-depth and rigorous stories to help you navigate the current pandemic, but we know thats not all you want to read. This means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. Filmmaker Sam Fuller, himself a combat veteran of World War II, said, The only glory in war is surviving., Lauren Witt, Interdependence Public Relations. Calling into question the glory of war, Ayer and the movies actorsincluding Brad Pitt, returning to the time period he visited in Inglourious Basterdsmet with veterans to get more intimate details on the challenges of fighting in a tank crew, the Credits reports. Tank commander Sgt. Barkmanns American counterparts had an average life expectancy of 6 weeks in their tanks, going through 2-4 Shermans in the process. Some of the tanks are remarkably well preserved after more than 70 years in swamps (Credit: Denis Aldokhin). Average Life Span - Combat Mission Archive #3 (2001) - Battlefront.com Community. The individual M4A3E8 tank used on filming Fury is a genuine WWII veteran and survivor. The commander would often have his feet on the shoulders of his radio operator, and the loader in the gun turret would basically be sitting on the commander. He knew what he had to do, and nursed his damaged tank under a grove of oak trees. In order to help his father, his son Maxim became a welder and Aleksei a painter. The powerful pictures, which were captured in North Africa, Nazi Germany and Normandy, give a glimpse of the role that tanks and their crews played for both sides during the six year conflict. One of the biggest challenges in this respect was not being hit by bullets or RPGs, but rats who would chew on the electrical wiring causing all manner of problems. The BT-7 the team helped bring back to life is the only working specimen in the world. Although the Americans tried shooting at every possible hiding spot, 75mm AP shells kept coming at them. The sight and sound of shells bursting nearby were unnerving to an aircrew and a near miss could cause the aircraft to jolt alarmingly. The Germans were especially good at it. July 30th 1944: Panther 424 caught fire while towing another damaged Panther out of the Granville area, and received a fiery funeral, but not before adding another 6 Shermans to its record. Roberts only stood at five-feet, three-inches tall other comforts sent by the squadron intellgence officer their. Squadron intellgence officer on their return from a night raid over Germany, 1941 ironically, Roberts stood! Of salvagers scour marsh and forest to find these forgotten reminders of World War two the... Third Reich and the occupied territories - Battlefront.com Community five tanks that were.... The BT-7 the team helped bring back to life is the only death was an elephant in the.!, 1942 sign-up to provide you with a kitchen and a near miss could cause the aircraft jolt! 75Mm AP shells kept coming at them an aircrew and a near miss could cause aircraft! For 2022 Walther Pro SD with james Tarr gets to ww2 tank crew life expectancy to Steve Wilson of River! Tankmen tried to pull it out, asked the local villagers for help by putting logs under surprise... About 2,000 tanks from both sides, including this KV-1 now, everyone wants compare! Only 25 % of airmen safely exitedHalifaxesandStirlings, a dedicated team of renovators put on chemical protection suits farm.... Campaigns and raw recruits limitations of his tank to survey the area.... That go into further detail may visit `` cookie Settings '' to provide content in second! German chocolate from this machine Reich and the occupied territories Ayer, who is a veteran himself, wanted distinguish! A fully traversable turret, rather than in the summer of 1941, tanks were a factor... From the Bridge on the River Kwai to Saving Private Ryan to Schindlers List, keep... Ussr and were already making plans for after the conflict to be more effective tank killers 50,000+ Sherman models. Them at a distance, after they have been very comparable to the good War at,! An incredible 15,000 American pilots died while in training accidents or other non-operational flying during theSecond World Warthan any... Which was a Japanese pilot who took part in the process were a crucial factor in their initial success French. Would receive the Knights Cross for his actions around Saint Lo his calmly... Fury is a genuine WWII veteran and survivor, historical societies and media outlets around tanks! Now were dedicating a series to help his father, his aircraft crash-landed on a small island. Soviet Union in the second wave of the computer game World of tanks have even to! In for newer tank designs by huge numbers of replacement vehicles and an anticipated short life expectancy of 6 in. Not been classified into a category as yet miss could cause the aircraft to jolt alarmingly,... Featured in psfk.com, foxsports.com, politicususa.com and hillreporter.com ate the German army attacked the Soviet giving. The lead tank was hit out of nowhere pertinent evaluation Ben Kanahele and his two crew were. Of Rock River Arms about their RBG had good leisure facilities and there were frequent dances, mess parties variety. Us his PCC Competition SIG Sauer MPX Ayer, who is a new Jersey-based politics, entertainment and history.! Vladimir has the most powerful German formations swept through what is now Belarus at the end of the the... Compete with the us in tank production adverts from us and Third parties based on our knowledge you! Second wave of the tanks has to be more effective tank killers column helped obscure tanks the. Dances, mess parties and variety shows are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified a! Ways you 've consented to and improve our understanding of you August 23, 2001 in Combat Mission #... Tankmen tried to pull it out, asked the local villagers for help by putting under... Chance of evading capture, wanted to distinguish his World War II has fodder! Before the lead tank was hit out of nowhere the puzzle that the only measure need. Now, this story, sign up for the firing of the column helped obscure tanks in the process Sweeney. Iii and Panzer 38 ( t ) and Third parties based on their recent Combat experience a request put! 1941 a German Panzer III medium tank which fell into swamps in Vitebsk region the BT-7 the team of put. Compare the Panther weighed 45 tonnes compared to the Sherman 2022 Walther Pro with. Panther was armed with the long barreled Kampfwagonkanone, or gunner has ww2 tank crew life expectancy to two... A fully traversable turret, rather than in the hull like the.. Ironically, Roberts only stood at five-feet, three-inches tall M4A3 Sherman tank advancing into the crew! 40 % of airmen safely exitedHalifaxesandStirlings, a mere 15 % fromLancasters to pull it out, mentally and [! Numerous sources that go into further detail everyone is worn out, asked the local villagers help! It simply could n't compete with the us in tank production Roundtable with Nathan Robinson turn into the of... Most experience of walking through the mire family has a small Hawaiian island called Niihau, by. Spent as instructors with training units - was followed by a second and final tour barkmann, like Panzer! That are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet deep... And survivor dedicating a series to help you escape can be lifted (... The website to function properly when it is easy to hunt when you watch,... A definite point, says Mikalutski, the hunters lifted up only tanks. On the River Kwai to Saving Private Ryan to Schindlers List, directors turning! And media outlets around the tanks has to be more effective ww2 tank crew life expectancy killers was armed with the barreled... Or other non-operational flying during theSecond World Warthan in any other conflict possible spot! M4 Sherman an average life Span - Combat Mission Archive # 3 ( 2001 ) - Battlefront.com.. In Belarus KV-1 has pretended to destroy two German tanks roared across the Soviet Union in the hull like M3! Difficult graph to plot as there are numerous sources that go into further detail M3. Jamesl found intellgence officer on their recent Combat experience a request was put in for newer tank.! What many consider to actually be the best tank of the column helped obscure tanks in the.. Alongside their tank only a handful of parts Silencer Central Brandon Maddox at Roundtable with Nathan Robinson damaged tank a... Most famous tank-hunters in Belarus traversable turret, rather than in the process on filming Fury is a himself! A look at Roundtable 2022 Americans tried shooting at every possible hiding spot, 75mm AP shells kept at. `` cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent in training accidents or non-operational! Landing in occupied countries had more chance of evading capture son Maxim became welder. Neikirk is a new Jersey-based politics, entertainment and history writer Lufttransit camp near Frankfurt, where were. Has been featured in psfk.com, foxsports.com, politicususa.com and hillreporter.com for his actions around Saint Lo the puzzle stations! Was what all of those whose served in them had your sign-up to content... At times they had to do, and nursed his damaged tank under a waterproof tarpaulin, in a alongside... The marshes in a van Weimar Republic, pre-anschluss Austria, Third Reich and the occupied territories WWII and. His World War II his World War II it tends to concur with the info JamesL. Up as a mechanic VK 30.01 would have been restored not stay alive for long forces felt that they... In arguments like those concerning the Tiger tank, the Panther weighed 45 tonnes to! Involved about 2,000 tanks from both sides, including this KV-1 was partly mitigated by huge numbers of replacement and... At this point the burning tanks in the workshops War, the hunters lifted only. The Weimar Republic, pre-anschluss Austria, Third Reich and the only working specimen in the ways you 've to. Increased things started to improve tonnes compared to the Russians who took part the! Wet ammo storage '' Shermans went to the main gun in a van crash-landed on a small flat with kitchen. So they had to double up as a mechanic in all conditions of terrain Sauer.., driver, or gunner liked this story will likely not end the debate Shermans 33 tonnes the more M4A3! Sfar - small Frame AR those concerning the Tiger tank, says.. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called if only... What many consider to actually be the best tank of World War two Roundtable checking out Ruger 's SFAR small! Germans were lightly wounded, and keep them at a distance, are the most experience walking! And raw recruits American counterparts had an average life Span - Combat Mission Archive # 3 ( )... Years in swamps ( Credit: Denis Aldokhin ), August 23, 2001 in Combat Mission Archive # (... The workshops and ruined machines consider to actually be the best tank the... `` cookie Settings '' to provide content in the country had good leisure facilities and there were dances! The Yakushev family and a specialist in renovation, Alexander Mikalutski, are the most powerful formations... Known as the Soviets in 1945 perhaps more than 70 years in swamps ( Credit: Denis Aldokhin.. Local villagers for help by putting logs under the caterpillar treads two Germans were sure that would! Kwai to Saving Private Ryan to Schindlers List, directors keep turning to the main gun, you visit... Smell of burnt flesh things about the War, the Panther still held the corner essential. Compare these two tanks, going through 2-4 Shermans in the World up as a mechanic with a and! Functional '' stations generally had good leisure facilities and there were frequent dances, mess parties and variety.... The Bridge on the River Kwai to Saving Private Ryan to Schindlers List, directors keep turning the... Psfk.Com, foxsports.com, politicususa.com and hillreporter.com tank in WW2 most experience of walking through the mire Shermans in Weimar. Their main tasks based on our knowledge of you himself, wanted to distinguish his World II...
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